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Japan's Shinkansen (bullet train) network is the gold standard of high-speed rail worldwide. Operated primarily by the six regional JR (Japan Railways) companies, the Shinkansen connects Tokyo to Osaka in 2h25m (515 km) on the Tokaido Shinkansen, which has operated since 1964 without a single passenger fatality due to accident. The network now extends from Hokkaido in the north to Kagoshima in the south, covering over 3,000 km of dedicated track. Maximum operational speed reaches 320 km/h on the Tohoku Shinkansen. Nozomi trains are the fastest express services; Hikari and Kodama make more stops and are covered by the JR Pass. Beyond the Shinkansen, Japan's conventional rail network is equally impressive in its density and punctuality. JR lines, private railways (including Kintetsu, Hankyu, and Odakyu), and urban metro systems form an extraordinarily integrated network. Tokyo alone has around 285 rail and metro stations. IC cards (Suica, Pasmo, ICOCA) work across virtually all urban transit networks and many convenience stores. Japanese trains are famously precise -- a 1-minute delay prompts an apology announcement. The Japan Rail Pass (JR Pass) is available to foreign tourists and covers unlimited travel on all JR lines including most Shinkansen services (except Nozomi and Mizuho on the Tokaido/Sanyo line). The 7-day pass (around JPY 50,000) can pay for itself in just one round trip Tokyo-Osaka. Regional passes (JR Kyushu, JR Hokkaido, Kansai Area Pass) offer more targeted savings for travelers focusing on specific areas.