🇪🇸 Espanha

Spain has the longest high-speed rail network in Europe and the second longest in the world, with over 3,900 km of AVE (Alta Velocidad Espanola) lines operated by Renfe. The network connects Madrid to Barcelona in 2.5 hours, Madrid to Seville in 2.5 hours, Madrid to Valencia in 1.5 hours, and Madrid to Malaga in 2.5 hours. Trains reach speeds of up to 310 km/h on dedicated infrastructure. IRYO, a private operator launched in 2022, competes on the Madrid-Barcelona and Madrid-Valencia corridors, and Ouigo Spain operates low-cost high-speed services on these same routes, driving prices down significantly. Spain uses standard gauge (1,435 mm) on its high-speed network, while the conventional broad-gauge (1,668 mm) network serves regional and commuter routes. Renfe's Avant trains offer affordable short-distance high-speed services between nearby cities. Spain introduced free or heavily subsidized passes for Cercanias commuter trains, Rodalies (Catalonia), and Media Distancia regional trains in 2022-2023, making regional travel exceptionally affordable for both residents and tourists. For long-distance AVE travel, booking 2-3 months in advance on renfe.com or via the Renfe app provides access to Promo fares starting around EUR 15. The Spain Pass (for non-residents) and Eurail/Interrail cover AVE services, though seat reservation fees apply. Renfe's Combinado ticket integrates AVE with long-distance bus connections to reach destinations not yet served by high-speed rail.