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स्पेन has the longest हाई-स्पीड रेल नेटवर्क in Europe and the second longest in the world, with over 3,900 km of AVE (Alta Velocidad Espanola) lines operated by Renfe. The नेटवर्क connects Madrid to Barcelona in 2.5 घंटाs, Madrid to Seville in 2.5 घंटाs, Madrid to Valencia in 1.5 घंटाs, and Madrid to Malaga in 2.5 घंटाs. ट्रेनs reach speeds of up to 310 km/h on dedicated infrastructure. IRYO, a private operator launched in 2022, competes on the Madrid-Barcelona and Madrid-Valencia corridors, and Ouigo स्पेन operates low-cost high-speed सेवाs on these same मार्गs, driving prices down significantly. स्पेन uses standard gauge (1,435 mm) on its high-speed नेटवर्क, while the conventional broad-gauge (1,668 mm) नेटवर्क serves regional and commuter मार्गs. Renfe's Avant ट्रेनs offer affordable short-distance high-speed सेवाs between nearby cities. स्पेन introduced free or heavily subsidized passes for Cercanias commuter ट्रेनs, Rodalies (Catalonia), and Media Distancia regional ट्रेनs in 2022-2023, making regional travel exceptionally affordable for both residents and tourists. For long-distance AVE travel, बुकिंग 2-3 months in advance on renfe.com or via the Renfe app provides access to Promo किरायाs starting around EUR 15. The स्पेन Pass (for non-residents) and Eurail/Interrail cover AVE सेवाs, though seat आरक्षण fees apply. Renfe's Combinado टिकट integrates AVE with long-distance bus connections to reach destinations not yet served by हाई-स्पीड रेल.